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Genetic enhancement of athletes in competitive sports
The continuing ethics debate about genetic manipulation Combining weight training and genetic manipulation in rats yields leg muscles that are stronger and bigger than the muscles of rats that are exposed to just one of these 2 muscle building techniques, according to a new study.
These findings framed a discussion at the AAAS Annual Meeting on potential uses of genetic enhancement in competitive sports, from the perspective of athletes, scientists, athletic organizations and ethicists. Genetic enhancement of skeletal muscles could potentially benefit elite athletes, patients rehabilitating from injury-induced muscle wasting, and elderly people who have reduced mobility due to muscular weakness, Lee Sweeney and coauthors reported in a study appearing in the March 2004 issue of the Journal of Applied Physiology. Sweeney suggests that genetic enhancement and exercise work together to increase strength and mass in the muscles of rats. 1 technique seems to boosts the other. The authors suggest that muscle-precursor stem cells called "satellite cells" contributed to the higher muscle mass and strength reported in the exercised, genetically enhanced rats. Their findings support the conclusion that ladder climbing exercise primed the satellite cells of these rats. |
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The receptive satellite cells expressed IGF-I receptors that made them responsive to increased levels of IGF-I which led to increased strength and mass in genetically enhanced and exercised muscle.
The scientists also reported that muscles from rats with genetically elevated levels of IGF-I retain more of their muscle mass after they stop exercising than rats without elevated levels of the growth factor.
Genetically enhanced rats that worked their way through ladder-climbing, weight-bearing exercise regimens bulked up more and retained more of their muscles after they stopped working out than exercise-only and genetic-enhancement-only rats.
The scientists injected a recombinant virus that contained an IGF-I rat gene into a hind-leg muscle (the flexor hallucis longus) of rats. The gene increases production of the growth factor IGF-I, which promotes gains in muscle mass and strength.
Overtraining syndrome most often occurs in athletes who are training for competition or a specific event and train beyond the body's ability to recover.
How to increase your performance on the sporting field. Do you want to give yourself an edge over other athletes? Strength training with free weights or weight machines may help you meet these goals.
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The game of backgammon is played on a specially designed board consisting of 4 tables of 6 thin points or triangles on each table. The points start from the edges of the board nearest the players and are directed inwards so that they form 2 rows of twelve points opposite each other.